Factores de riesgo asociados a infecciones del sitio quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a laparotomía electiva en el servicio de cirugía general del Hospital Liborio Panchana, periodo 2023–2025.

Abstract

Introduction: Surgical site infections are one of the most frequent complications following abdominal procedures and represent a clinical problem due to their impact on postoperative recovery, hospital stay, and healthcare costs. In elective laparotomies, their occurrence depends on multiple patient and surgical factors. Methodology: A retrospective, cross-sectional, analytical, observational study was conducted on patients undergoing elective laparotomy in the general surgery department of Liborio Panchana Hospital during the period 2023-2025. Three hundred and eighty-five patients over 18 years of age were included, with postoperative follow-up up to 30 days. Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and intraoperative variables were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, including bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression, were used to adjust for confounding factors. Results: The frequency of surgical site infection was 15.3%. Cases with infection presented lower preoperative albumin and hemoglobin levels, as well as longer surgical duration. In the adjusted analysis, albumin and hemoglobin acted as protective factors, while operative duration greater than 120 minutes, a dirty wound, and ASA IV classification were independently associated with infection. Occasional superficial infection predominated, and Escherichia coli was the most frequent pathogen. Conclusion: Surgical site infection in elective laparotomy is mainly associated with potentially identifiable preoperative and intraoperative factors, highlighting the importance of risk stratification and perioperative optimization.