Virus del papiloma humano y su relación con el cáncer orofaríngeo. Revisión sistemática.

Abstract

ntroduction: Oropharyngeal cancer is a type of head and neck cancer and it currently has the sixth highest incidence in the world. Most oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas that arise from the base of the tongue, the soft palate, the tonsils, and the back of the throat. The Human Papilloma Virus is a deoxyribonucleic acid virus which belongs to the Papillomaviridae family; to the genus Alphapapilloma virus. Within this there are more than 100 identified types Objective: Determine the relationship between the human papilloma virus and the development of oropharyngeal cancer and to help the early diagnosis of the disease and also enrich the knowledge of the dentist, to later refer it to the specialist doctor for its corresponding treatment. Methodology: 320 articles were selected, of which 30 were worked as they met the inclusion criteria proposed for this work. Said articles were found in Spanish / English language and varied in a range of time between 2017-2021. Results: It is detailed that the manifestations of oropharyngeal carcinoma associated with HPV, the most prevalent are masses in the neck, odynophagia, dysphagia or a tumor in the tonsil. Within the most frequent location of oropharyngeal carcinoma, it was found that it arises in 8% in non-tonsillary sites and 92% in the lingual and palatine tonsils. The human papillomavirus has more than 100 identified types of which we find high, medium and low risk genotypes. HPV16 is the most common, with a prevalence greater than 70% in oropharyngeal cancer, followed by HPV18 (14%) worldwide. For the detection of HPV in the oropharynx we have several laboratory tests such as PCR, In situ hybridization and Immunohistochemistry, with the PCR being the GOLD STANDARD. Conclusion: There is a close relationship between HPV and the development of oropharyngeal cancer which is located mainly in the tonsils and base of the tongue. A much higher incidence was found in young male patients than in women, however, this incidence is increasing due to the change in behavior in sexual practices. The genotypes that are going to be involved in the disease will vary from region to region.