Los niveles de renta mundial y su impacto a los índices de sostenibilidad ambiental : un análisis global (2000-2020).

Abstract

The present research work aims to analyze how income levels impact global sustainability indicators to contribute to public and academic communication about the recent behavior of the ecological footprint in the world. The panel data model was used since being a global analysis of 20 years would allow us to observe the behavior over time and provide more precise estimates. When detecting heteroscedasticity, it was corrected with a hierarchical cluster grouped into 3 different groups where a better fit of the data was obtained. Upon obtaining the results, we verified that the alternative hypothesis is the one with the greatest representation in the research. The main findings were that a higher GDP is associated with a greater capacity to access electricity and an increase in CO2 emissions, especially in regions such as Africa, Asia and Central America, where notable increases are observed in these metrics, which is supported by the theory. On the other hand, in areas of high GDP, such as Europe, there is a trend towards greater adoption of renewable energies and better efficiency in the management of resources such as fresh water. In terms of land and natural resource use, the relationships are less consistent. Declining forest area and total natural resource rents with increasing GDP in some regions suggest a potential conflict between economic growth and environmental conservation.