Prevalencia de preeclampsia en mujeres con obesidad y anemia de 20 a 30 años en el Hospital Universitario de Guayaquil en el periodo 2023 - 2024.

Abstract

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to other organs, typically the kidneys or liver. It usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation and affects both the mother and the fetus. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of preeclampsia in women with anemia and obesity aged 20 to 28 years at the Guayaquil University Hospital during the period 2023-2024. To identify the risk factors associated with preeclampsia. To determine the relationship between anemia and preeclampsia. To determine the relationship between obesity and preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional, observational, retrospective, and analytical study to evaluate the prevalence of preeclampsia and its relationship with risk factors such as obesity and anemia. Results: In 2023, only 1.77% of the 226 patients presented with obesity, and in 2024, this percentage increased slightly to 8.8% in a smaller sample of 57 patients. The analysis shows a significant increase in the prevalence of unspecified anemia, rising from 12.83% in 2023 to 50.9% in 2024, suggesting a deterioration in nutritional health or better case identification. Discussion: Despite the increase in obesity among pregnant women, in 2024, 91.2% do not present this condition, suggesting that it is not a predominant problem, but other risk factors should be monitored. The low prevalence of anemia in overweight women with preeclampsia in 2023 could reflect biases in the results, complicating direct comparisons. This increase in obesity underscores the importance of implementing preventive strategies in maternal healthcare to address these factors. Conclusions: A notable deterioration in nutritional health, along with better case identification, is a change that must be addressed through preventive care strategies to improve maternal health. The collected information emphasizes the need to standardize diagnostic criteria and improve medical staff training, as well as to implement educational and nutritional intervention programs.