Perfil bioquímico según patrones alimentarios en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a prevalent public health problem, associated with metabolic, inflammatory, and nutritional alterations that compromise the quality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 127 adult patients (63 women and 64 men) treated at a dialysis center in Guayaquil (Ecuador) during 2024. Anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary data were collected through clinical protocols, laboratory analyses, and 24-hour dietary recall on two non-consecutive days. Nutrient intake was calculated using USDA and Ecuadorian food composition tables. Means, standard deviations, and frequencies were used for descriptive analysis. RESULTS: The mean age was 54.66 ± 17.08 years. The average BMI was 24.25 ± 4.11 kg/m², with normal weight in 54% and underweight in 21%. Elevated levels of urea, creatinine, and BUN were observed in 100% of cases. Glucose was elevated in 79% (137.61 ± 49.38 mg/dL), serum albumin was low in 33%, and calcium was reduced in 80%. Regarding dietary intake, caloric intake was insufficient in 90.55% (1147.85 ± 496.69 kcal/day), while 94.49% had excessive protein intake (66.24 ± 31.61 g/day). Fiber intake was deficient in 98.43% (8.61 ± 6.20 g/day). Notable deficiencies were identified in potassium (100%), calcium (96.06%), zinc (79.53%), iron (69%), vitamin C (72.44%), folates (94.49%), and vitamin B12 (65%). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis exhibit a structural nutritional imbalance that requires personalized dietary interventions to optimize intake, correct deficiencies, and reduce associated clinical risks.