Complicaciones agudas de la drepanocitosis en edad pediátrica. Hospital Francisco Ycaza Bustamante. 2020-2024.

Abstract

Introduction: Sickle cell anemia is a chronic hemoglobinopathy of genetic origin, inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, that predominantly affects the pediatric population in Ecuador. Its clinical course is marked by recurrent acute episodes, such as vasoocclusive crises and hemolysis, which lead to multisystem involvement and significant morbidity. Objective: To determine the most frequent acute complications in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia treated at the Hospital del Niño Dr. Francisco Icaza Bustamante during the period 2020–2024. Methodology: Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional, and descriptive study. Results: Vaso-occlusive crises were the most prevalent complication (54.7%), followed by cholelithiasis (12.3%), cardiovascular risk (7.5%), and pneumonia (5.7%). Additional complications included stroke, sepsis, acute chest syndrome, and other less frequent conditions. A total of 90.2% of patients experienced short-term hospitalization, and the mortality rate was 4.0%. Most cases were concentrated in the 10 to 14-year age group. Conclusion and Recommendation: It is recommended to implement neonatal screening, regular follow-up visits, preventive vaccination, rational use of hydroxyurea, and family education to improve prognosis and reduce morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable population.