Prevalencia del síndrome de abstinencia en recién nacidos en el Hospital General Guasmo Sur durante el año 2024 – 2025.

Abstract

Introduction: Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) occurs in newborns whose mothers consumed substances capable of inducing dependence during pregnancy, such as nicotine, opioids, or benzodiazepines. These substances cross the placenta and cause the fetus to adapt to its presence. At the time of delivery, when maternal supply is discontinued, the newborn shows signs of withdrawal. Objective: To establish the prevalence of withdrawal syndrome in newborns at the Guasmo Sur General Hospital during the year 2024-2025. Methodology: Cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational. Results: Between January 2024 and May 2025, the Guasmo Sur General Hospital treated 1,006 newborns, of which 26 presented neonatal abstinence syndrome, equivalent to a prevalence of 2.58% or 25.8 cases per 1,000 births. The highest incidence was observed in newborns of mothers aged 20 to 24 years and in late-term births (40–41 weeks). Heroin was the most common substance, followed by combinations of marijuana with alcohol or heroin. Newborns had moderate to high scores on the Finnegan scale, requiring individualized pharmacological treatments according to the severity of the syndrome. Conclusions: Neonatal abstinence syndrome, with a prevalence of 2.58%, constitutes a significant clinical problem. Prenatal drug exposure, young maternal age, and late prematurity increase the risk and severity. Maternal toxicological evaluation and individualized treatment are essential for safe and effective management.