Características clínico epidemiológica de expuestos perinatales en la unidad de neonatología del hospital León Becerra Camacho de Milagro en el periodo del 2024-2025.

Abstract

Introduction: HIV infection remains a global public health problem, especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and newborns. Mother-to-child transmission is the main route of infection in the pediatric population. Objective: To determine the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of newborns perinatally exposed to HIV born in the neonatology unit of Hospital León Becerra Camacho de Milagro during the period 2024 to 2025. Methods: Non-experimental, observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Medical records of 78 neonates perinatally exposed to HIV between 2024–2025 were reviewed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with frequencies and percentages. Results: A total of 78 neonates were included, with a predominance of males (56.41%). A total of 66.67% of mothers were aged 20–35 years; 76.92% had adequate prenatal care and 82.05% received antiretroviral therapy (ART). Viral load was undetectable in 61.54%. Cesarean section predominated (64.10%). A total of 79.49% were born at term and 74.36% had adequate birth weight. APGAR ≥7 was observed in 89.74%. Complications occurred in 23.08%. Neonatal prophylaxis compliance was 92.3%, with predominant use of zidovudine (76.9%). Conclusion: Most exposed neonates presented favorable clinical conditions at birth, reflecting adequate perinatal care; however, gaps such as detectable viral load and insufficient prenatal care persist and require strengthening.