Factores sistémicos y tabaquismo asociados a enfermedad periodontal en Clínica Universitaria.

Abstract

Introduction: Periodontal disease is a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory condition associated with systemic, demographic, and behavioral factors. Objective: To determine the association between systemic, metabolic, smoking, age and sex factors with the periodontal diagnosis of patients treated at the Periodontic Clinic of the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil during semesters A-2025, B-2025 and A-2026. Materials and methods: Observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and analytical study based on 209 clinical histories, using non-probabilistic census sampling. The qualitative variables were described with absolute and relative frequencies, and age by median and interquartile range. Pearson chi-square, exact test of Fisher and U of Mann-Whitney, with α = 0.05 were applied. Results: Periodontitis predominated with 67.5% (n = 141), followed by gingivitis with 32.1% (n = 67) and periodontal health with 0.5% (n = 1). Significant associations were found between periodontal diagnosis and diabetes mellitus (p = 0.048), arterial hypertension (p < 0.001), smoking (p = 0.006) and age (p = 0.011), but not with sex (p = 0.235) or cardiovascular disease (p = 0.591). Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking and aging were significantly associated with periodontal diagnosis, highlighting the importance of considering systemic and behavioral factors in periodontal assessment.